Tuesday, December 28, 2010

Archive for the ‘computer repair’ Category

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My Computer Boots Up To A Black Screen With A Flashing Cursor

Amazingly, when it comes to computer errors, getting a black screen with a flashing cursor is far better than just a plain old black screen. We have to look on the bright side here and presume that the fact that you can see a flashing cursor is a good sign. At least we can treat this as a bit of clue on what to try when troubleshooting this black screen.
When the average computer user sees a black screen on their computer monitor panic immediately sets in. Both black screens and blues screens are known disasters that are dreaded by most. But as I said, seeing a black screen with a flashing cursor is not that bad.
Please note that this particular error has stopped your computer from entering Windows. It is not a black screen with a movable mouse cursor on the screen it is a black screen with a flashing cursor that has not entered Windows yet. If this error does not suit your symptoms please see My computer has a black screen and will not boot for more information.

black screen with a flashing cursor

What causes a black screen with a flashing cursor on a computer?

There are many possible causes for a black screen with a flashing cursor and I will try to mention as many as possible. Some causes of a black screen are incorrect shutdown of your computer, not waking from sleep mode, not knowing where to boot to, corrupt software, damaged start up, and the list goes on.

The last sleep transition was unsuccessful:

This is one that I have had a lot of experience with.  People have the Windows sleep mode enabled on their computer and after to going to sleep, the computer does not wake up. This sounds crazy, I know. I have written an article on The computer will not wake up from powering saving sleep mode.
When your computer will not wake up try starting your computer in safe mode. Simply start your computer and hit either the F2, Del, or sometimes the F10 key on the keyboard. When you enter Safe mode you should then shut your computer down correctly. A clean shut down. This should wake up the computer. Then you should disable the power saving mode as soon as you can because it will most likely do it again next time. To adjust your power saving sleep mode go to the control panel, then choose the power options icon.
Why doesn’t the mouse and keyboard wake up the computer. Please see this The computer will not wake up from powering saving sleep mode.

A device connected to the computer can cause a black screen with a flashing cursor:

Did you leave a USB flash drive connected to your computer or maybe an external hard drive? Either way, the computer might be trying to boot to this device but it is not a bootable device. Remove all devices and try to start your computer again.
Another cause could be that you have a faulty device such as a DVD drive or CD drive. The computer is trying to find all devices connected to the computer and comes across a problem device. This often causes a black screen with a flashing cursor. If you disconnect the faulty DVD drive your computer can start without errors. People are often aware of a faulty DVD drive because you might have had previous problems removing discs or opening the contents of a disc.
When you see a black screen with a flashing cursor you can almost come to the conclusion that your actual computer is fine because it is still running but just not loading into Windows. As we have seen, there are a number of causes which also equally creates a number of solutions.

Your boot options have mysteriously changed:

It’s probably not a mystery, however for some reason your computer is trying to boot to other devices and not your hard drive. You can restart your computer and get into your bios to change these settings. Here’s how to get into your bios and change settings. When you are in your bios, change the boot order or boot priority to the first being the hard drive. Exit and save your settings.
This error can happen when the computer is not shut down correctly or you have another device plugged in.

You recently installed new software, updates, or drivers:

Getting a black screen with a flashing cursor is very common after installing new software, downloading updates, or even installing new drivers and devices. If this happens and you have either Windows Vista or Windows seven, your first port of call would be to insert the operating system disc. Although Windows xp is a bit more difficult to deal with, both Windows seven and Vista will repair most problems for you. This is why you should try this method first.
This can happen after installing almost any piece of software including Windows updates, believe it or not! The problem is, if there are two programs clashing, there is not much you can do to stop this..One has to go. For this reason, when installing absolutely anything on your computer, including a simple toolbar, I recommend you create a restore point for safety reasons. Imagine if everyone actually stuck to that rule???
Anyway, if you see that flashing cursor you are almost guaranteed that your computer will boot from a CD or DVD. After all it is looking for something to boot to. Of course at this stage, when you see the flashing cursor, it is too late to insert the CD, and it is too early for other remedies.
When you insert your operating CD you must restart your computer. See the following instructions.

Restore your Windows 7 computer after having a black screen with a flashing cursor?

If you get the black screen of death using Windows 7 you can always try to recover a working system by using your Operating system disc!
1. Boot from the Windows 7 operating system disc. If your computer is not set to boot from cdrom first then you need to be able to enter the BIOS to change your boot options.
2. Choose your language from the list.
3. Choose the Repair your computer option on the install now section.
4. Choose the System restore option.
5. Choose  a restore point. If you have installed a program today that caused a problem choose a restore point prior to that?
6. Let it take you back to when you didn’t have a problem.
These instructions above will work for Windows Vista as well.
Also see this article on How to repair Windows XP without formatting.

Notes on having a black screen with a flashing cursor:

  • This black screen tutorial has been split up into separate sections as people are getting confused with what to try for their actual problem.
  • This tutorial is not about a black screen with a movable mouse cursor on the screen it is about a black screen with a flashing cursor that has not entered Windows yet.
Let us know about your black screen with a flashing cursor experiences below as there are many more causes and solutions to learn from.

Check your Router with the Internet Connectivity Evaluation Tool for Windows Vista

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Before you upgrade to Windows Vista you can now check if your internet connection, your network, and your router will support the new features in Windows Vista.
Basic Internet Connectivity Test
This test is intended to ensure that your computer has basic Internet connectivity, which is needed for the rest of the tests.
Network Address Translator Type
One primary function of most home Internet routers is Network Address Translation (NAT). Routers providing NAT support assign private IP addresses on the local network. NAT maps these private addresses on the inside network to a public IP address on the outside network so that computers behind the Internet router can communicate with the rest of the Internet. Since Network Address Translators can work in different ways, this test uses Microsoft servers to identify your router’s NAT type. Some protocols work better through routers that act as cone-type NATs than routers that act as symmetric-type NATs.
Success of this test means that your Internet router or firewall acts similar to a cone NAT. This means that it helps applications which use Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) to connect, regardless of your ISP’s IPv6 support. For example, in Windows Vista you can collaborate with others across the Internet using Windows Meeting Space.
Traffic Congestion Test
This test attempts to download a short Web document, first with ECN enabled and then again with ECN disabled. If both downloads succeed, the test passes, which indicates that your Internet router successfully allows packets through with ECN options set.
TCP High Performance Test
This test downloads a series of Web documents of increasing length until either an incomplete download is encountered or all downloads succeed. Success indicates that your router allows Windows Vista to negotiate the best data transfer rate and help improve download speeds.
UPnP Support Test
This test ensures that the router has Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) enabled, can support a reasonable number of open ports, and can maintain these settings. Now days programs need to open ports to allow incoming traffic through your router. This is how programs are updated.
Multiple Simultaneous Connection States Test
Passing this test indicates that your router supports multiple computers or programs accessing the Internet simultaneously.

How find the IP Address of your router to configure it?

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Free computer Education

Why would you need to know the IP address of your router?

You will need to access your router to configure its settings when you are setting up a home network. Every different brand of modem has a different Ip Address which can be found usually by searching the internet. For example I have a D-link router so I would type the model in google to find the ip address. I would type DI-524 factory Ip Address to find the answer.

Here is a list of some common router brands with their IP Address and password.

These are the router factory default IP address’s. This means that when the device left the factory the Ip address was as follows:
Router Address Username Password
3Com http://192.168.1.1 admin admin
D-Link http://192.168.0.1 admin
Linksys http://192.168.1.1 admin admin
Microsoft Broadband http://192.168.2.1 admin admin
Netgear http://192.168.0.1 admin password

How to find the Ip address of your router if it has been changed from the factory default settings?

If your router Ip address has been changed you can easily find out what it is.
  1. Connect your router to your computer by plugging it into the network port at the back of your computer.
  2. Make sure the router is on.
  3. Wait for it to connect.
  4. Double click on the network connections icon in the notification area.
  5. Then press on the support tab. Now look and see what the IP address is of the router.
  6. Then type it in the address bar in Internet Explorer and press enter.
To configure your router, when you first set it up, you need to connect the router to a computer in order to access it.  Plug the router directly into the network port on your computer. Then wait while the computer finds the router.

How to access your router

  1. Connect your wireless router to your modem using an Ethernet cable
  2. Plug it into the port labeled Internet, WAN, or WLAN on the back of your router.
  3. Using the network cable that came with your wireless router, you should temporarily connect your computer to one of the open network ports on your wireless router (any port that isn’t labeled Internet, WAN, or WLAN).
  4. Turn Everything on. So the modem is connected to the router, and the computer is connected to the router as well as well. The computer and modem are not connected.
  5. Open Internet Explorer and type in the IP address to configure your router. http://192. etc
  6. Your router page should come up for you to change settings.
With most routers there is an automatic wizard which will setup everything easily for you. After you have completed these steps you can also change other settings like the one to do with your home network security. It is important to have security measures in place especially when using a wireless connection.
Once you have finished setting up your router, you need to unplug the computer from the router. Now you are ready to setup your network. Here’s how to setup a wireless home network.
Notes:
  • You can also type the Ip Address of your router into the run command window. Start menu>Run
  • It is probably best not to change your Ip Address of your router, as it is handy to be able to find it when ever you need. If you forget the IP address you will not be able to access it.
  • A manual usually comes with your router. This will help with the setup.
  • More details available in this pdf. http://www.west.net.au/support/wireless/guide/wireless_setup_guide.pdf
  • In windows vista go to the Network and Sharing Center; first click View full map at top right, then right-click your router or wireless access device and select Go to Device Home Page.

Hotel manager

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hotel manager or hotelier is a person who holds a management occupation within a hotel, motel, or resort establishment. Management titles and duties vary by company. In some hotels the title hotel manager or hotelier may solely be referred to the General Manager of the hotel. Small hotels may have a small management team consisting of only two or three managers while larger hotels may often have a large management team consisting of various departments and divisions.

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Typical Full Service Hotel Management Structure

A typical organizational chart for a mid-scale to large hotel:
  • General Manager
    • Director of Room Operations
      • Front Office Manager
        • Front Desk Manager (s)
        • PBX Supervisor
        • Reservations Manager (may report to Sales in some hotels)
      • Guest Services Manager
        • Bell Captain
        • Concierge Supervisor
      • Executive Housekeeper
        • Housekeeping Manager(s)
        • Laundry Supervisor
        • Custodial Supervisor
    • Director of Sales & Marketing
      • Senior Sales Manager
      • Marketing Manager
      • Revenue Manager
      • Convention Services Manager(s)
        • Event Manager (s)
    • Director of Food & Beverage
    • Chief Engineer
    • Director of Human Resources
    • Director of Security
    • Spa & Recreation Manager
    • Director of Finances / Controller

[edit] Typical Qualifications for a Hotel Manager

Background and training required varies by management title and duties involved. Industry experience has proven to be an essential qualification for nearly any management occupation within the lodging industry.
Basic qualifications for a management occupation within a hotel usually consist of the following:

[edit] Working Conditions

Hotel managers are generally exposed to long shifts that include late hours, weekends, and holidays due to the 24 hour operation of a hotel. The common workplace in hotels is a fast-paced environment, with high levels of interaction with guests, employees, investors, and other managers.
Upper management consisting of senior managers, department heads, and General Managers may sometimes enjoy a more desirable work schedule consisting of a more traditional business day including weekdays and days off on holidays.

Biomass energy

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In the process of photosynthesis , plant covert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose or sugar . 

water plus carbon dioxide pluse sunlight  equal to glucose plus oxygen 

Type of biomass
-wood
-crops
-garbage
-lanfill gas
-alcohol fuels

Methane gas energy

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Landfill VS Dumps

"dumps" are a thing of the past because of concerns about pollution . 


Open dumps were large pits where trash was left uncovered . 


Biomass energy is clean energy - it operates in a closed carbon cycle and is carbon neutral . 


Burn then heat the water  , then turn up the turbines thus the turbines generate electrical fuel to make the steam then the stream turn the turbines , the turbines generate the electron and turn into power .

Biomass ( energy from organic material )

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Case study : THe zoo's six elephants produce more than 1000 pounds of dung perday

The zoo sends most of its animal waste to a local farm , where it is composted . 


The zoo spends about 10000 dolar a year on animal waste disposal . 


Switchgrass , a hardy plant used in the biofuel industry in the United States .

Biomass (description )

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Wood still provides a small percentage of the energy we use , but its importance as an energy source is dwindling . 

Sugar cane is grown in some areas , and can be fermented to make alcohol , which can be burned to generate power in the same way as coal . 


Alternatively , the cane can be crushed and the pulp ( called "bagasse" ) can be burned , to make steam to drive turbines .

BIomass energy

Advantage

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It makes sense to use waste materials where we can .
The fuel tends to be cheap 
Less demand on the Earth's resources


Disadvantage
Collecting the waste in sufficient quantities can be difficult . We burn the fuel , so it makes greenhouse gases . Some waste materials are not available all year round . 


Is it renewable ?
Biomass is renewable , as we are going to carry on making waste products . We can always plant and grow more sugar cane and more trees , so those are renewable too .

Biomass ( energy from organic material )

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-Other solid wastes , can be burned to provide heat , or used to make steam for a power station . 


-"Bioconversion" uses plant and animal waste to produce fuels such as methanol , natural gas , and oil . 


-We can use rubbish , animal manure , woodchips , seaweed , corn stalks and other wastes .

Geothermal Energy ( Is it renewable ?)

Geothermal Energy is renewabele

The energy keeps on coming , as long as we don't pump too much cold water down and col the rocks too much .

Geothermal Energy

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Disadvantage

-The big problem is that there are not many places
-Need hot rocks of a suitable type , at a depth where we can drill down to them 
-The type of rock above is also important , it must be of a type that we can easily drill through . 
-Sometimes a geothermal site may "run out of steam " . perhaps for decades.
-Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from underground , and can be difficult to safety dispose of .

Geothermal Energy

Advantage

-Geothermal energy does not produce any pollution , and does not contribute to the greenhouse effect

-The power stations do not take up much room , so there is not much impact on the environment .

-No fuel is needed .

-Once you are built a geothermal power station , the energy is almost free .

-It may need a little energy to run a pump , but his can be taken from the energy being generated .


Geothermal Energy

How it works



Hot rock undegound heat water to produce steam .
We drill holes down to the hot region , steam comes up , is purified and used to drive turbines , which drive electric generators.


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Geothermal Energy

Geothermal Energy is energy from heat inside the Earth .

Introduction

THe centre of the Earth is around 6000 degree celsius - hot enough to melt rock .

Even a few kilometres down , the temperature can be over 250 degree celcius .

Geothermal energy has been used for thousand of years in some countries for cooking and heating .


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wave power

-Once you are built it , the energy is free , needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution .

One big problem is that of building and anchoring something that can withstand the roughest conditions at sea , yet can generate a reasonable amount of power from small waves .



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Monday, December 27, 2010

Wave power ( how it works )

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At a wave power station , the waves arriving cause the water in the chamber to rise and fall , which means that air is forced in and out of the hole in the top of the chamber . 

Wavw Power

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Ocean waves are caused by the wind as it blows across the sea . Waves are a powergul source of energy . 

The problem is that it's not easy to harness this energy and convert it into electricity in large amounts . Thus , wave power stations are rare .

THe disadvantage of hydro-electric power

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-The dams are very expensive to build
-However , many dams are also used for flood control or irrigation , so building costs can be shared .
-Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream , causing problems for animals that used to live there
-Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable .
-Water quality and quantity downstrea can be affected , which can have an impact on plant life .

Advantage of using Hydro-electric power

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-Once the dam is built , the energy is virtually free
-No waste or pollution produced .
-Much more reliable than wind , solar or wave power
-Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand .
-Hydro -electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly , unlike other power stations  .
-Electricity can be generated constantly .

6 major parts of hydroelectric power

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Turbines
-These are turned by the frce of the moving water pushing against large blades attached to a cylinder .

Generators
-These generators are connected to the turbines . As the Turbines rotate , they move giant magnets around couled copper wire to get the electrons moving , thus creating electricity .

inducters
-These convert the electricity from AC to DC ( alternating current to direct current ) . THis changes the form of electricity to one that we can use .

Transmission lines
-These transport the energy into your home or businesss .

Hydro electric power 3

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Hydropower , or Hydroelectric power , contains 6 major parts .

A Dam

THis controls flow of water and increases elevation for a higher water wall . Moving water , by power of gravity , is created by making a reservoir above the turbines  . This dam contains floodgates which it can open and close to vary the amount of water entering the penstock .

A Penstock

A penstock is a large pipe that channels water from the dam to the turbines .

Hydro electric power 2

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A dam is built to trap water , usually in a valley where there is an existing lake .

Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam , to turn turbines and thus drive generators .

Hydro electric power 2

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A dam is built to trap water , usually in a valley where there is an existing lake .

Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam , to turn turbines and thus drive generators .

Hydro -electric power

Hydro -electric power is generated from falling water

-We have used running water as an energy source for thousand of years , mainly to grind com .
-The first use of water to generate electricity was in 1882 on the Fox river , in the USA , which produced enoigh power to light two paper mills and a house .
-Nowadays there are many hydro-electric power stations , providing around 20 percent of the world's electricity . THe name comes from ' hydro " , the Greek word for water .

Tidal power is renewable ?

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Tidal energy is renewable

THe tides will continue to ebb and flow , and the energy is there for the taking .

Disadvantage of tidal power

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-Very expensive to build .
-Affect a very wide area - the environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstream .
-Many birds rely on the tide uncovering the mud flats so that they can feed .
-Olny provides power for around 10 hours each day , when the tide is acutally moving in or out .
-THere are very few suitable sites for tidal power stations .

Disadvantage of tidal power

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-Very expensive to build .
-Affect a very wide area - the environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstream .
-Many birds rely on the tide uncovering the mud flats so that they can feed .
-Olny provides power for around 10 hours each day , when the tide is acutally moving in or out .
-THere are very few suitable sites for tidal power stations .

Tidal power (advantages )

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-Once you are built the dam , tidal power is free
-It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste
- It needs no fuel
-It produces electricity reliably
-Not expensive to maintain .
Tides are totally predictable .

Tidal Power - Description

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The largest tidal power station in the world ( and the olny one in Europe ) is in the Rance esturary in northern France . It was built in 1966 .

A major drawback of tidal power stations is that they can olny generate when the tide is flowing in or out - in other words , only for 10 hours each day .

Tidal Power - Description

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The largest tidal power station in the world ( and the olny one in Europe ) is in the Rance esturary in northern France . It was built in 1966 .

A major drawback of tidal power stations is that they can olny generate when the tide is flowing in or out - in other words , only for 10 hours each day .

Tidal power - How ot works

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Tidal power works rather like a hydro-electric scheme , excepth that the dam is much bigger .

A huge gam ( called a "barrage " is built accross a river esturary ).

When the tide goes in and out , the water flows through tunnels in the dam .

Tidal power - energy from sea

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The tide moves a huge amount of water twice each day , and harnessing it could provide a great deal of energy - around 20 percent of Britain's needs .

WInd farms

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Larg wind farms may conssit of a few dozen to about 100 individual wind turbines , and cover an extended area of hundreds of square miles ) suware kilometers ) , but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes .

Disadvantage of wind power

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-The wind is not always predictable -some days have no wind .
-SUitable areas for wind farms are foten near the coast , where land is expensive .
-SOme people feel that covering the landscape with these towers is unsightly .
-Can kill brds - migrating flocks tend to like strong winds .
-Can affect television reception if you live nearby .
-Noisy . A wind generator makes a constant , low , " swooshing " noise day and night .

Advantages of wind power

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- Wind is free , wind farms need no fuel .
-Produces no waste or greenhouse gases .
-The land beneath can usually still ne used for farming
-Wind farms can be tourist attractions
-A good method of supplying energy to remote areas .

Wind power 3

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Isolated places such as farms may have their own wind generators  . In california , several " wind farms " supply electricity to homes around Los Angeles .

The propellors are large , to extract energy from the largest possible volume of air . THe blades can be angled to fine or coarse  pitch , to cope with varying wind speed , and the generator and propellor can turn to face the wind wherever it comes from .

wind power 2

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The best places for wind farms are in coastal areas , at the tops of rounded hills ,open plains and gaps in mountains - places where the wind is strong and reliable  .
It need an average wind speed of around 25 kilometer per hour .
Most wind farms in the UK are in Cornwall or Wales .

Wind power

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- The wind blows the propellor round , which turns a generator to produce electricity .
-We tend to build many of these towers together , to make a wind farm and produce more electricity .
-The more towers , the more wind , and the larger the propellors , the more electricity we can make .

wind power ( how it works )

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THe sun heats our atmosphere unevenly , so some patches become warmer than others .

These warm patches of air rise , other air blows in to replace them - and we feel a wind blowing
We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower , with a large propeller on the top

wind power ( how it works )

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THe sun heats our atmosphere unevenly , so some patches become warmer than others .

These warm patches of air rise , other air blows in to replace them - and we feel a wind blowing
We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower , with a large propeller on the top

wind power ( how it works )

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THe sun heats our atmosphere unevenly , so some patches become warmer than others .

These warm patches of air rise , other air blows in to replace them - and we feel a wind blowing
We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower , with a large propeller on the top

wind power

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-Used the wind as an energy source for a long time
-Babylonians and Chinese were using wind power to pump water for irrigating crops 4,000 year ago , and sailing boats were around long before that .
- Wind power was used in the Middle Ages , in Europe , to grind corn , which is where the term " windmill " comes from .

Solar power ( disadvantages )

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-Doest not work at night
-Very expensive to build solar power stations .
-Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they will produce in their lifetime .
-Can be unreliable unless you are in a very sunnyc climate .
-In the United kigdoms , solar power is not much use except for low-power applications , as you need a very large area of solar panels to get a decent amount of power .

Solar power ( disadvantages )

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-Doest not work at night
-Very expensive to build solar power stations .
-Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they will produce in their lifetime .
-Can be unreliable unless you are in a very sunnyc climate .
-In the United kigdoms , solar power is not much use except for low-power applications , as you need a very large area of solar panels to get a decent amount of power .

Advantes of solar power

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Solar energy is free

- It needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution 
-In sunny countries , solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity t a remote place .
Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery charges ,

Solar Power ( advantage )

Solar energy is free
- It needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution .
- In sunny countires , solar power can be used where there is no easy way to  get electricity to a remote place .
Handy for llowe power usses such as solar powered garden lights and battery charges .

Solar Furnace

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Solar Furnace , 1970 at Odeillo , France - Focusing the sun's light , thousands of mirrors combine to produce temperature up to 5400 F .

Solar power three main ways to use sun energy

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Water is pumped through pupes in the panel .
THe pipes are painted black , so they get hot when the Sun shines on them .

Solar Furnaces use a huge array of mirrors to concentrate the Sun's energy into a small space and produce very high temperatures .

THere's one at Odellio , in France , used for scientific experiments .
It can achieve temperatures up to 33000 degrees Celcius .

Solar Power

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Three main ways we use sun energy

Solar water heating , where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels on your roof .
THis means you don't need to use so much gas or electricity to heat your water at home .

THere are three main ways that we use the Sun's energy

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This was originally developed in order to provide electricity for satellites , but these days many of us own calculators powered by solar .

Solar Power

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There are three main ways that we use the Sun's energy :-1
-Solar cells ( really called " photoboltaic " or "photoelecttic cells " ) that convert light directly into electricity .
In a sunny climate , you can get enough power to run a 100w light bulb one square metre of solar panel .

Solar Power

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-Solar Power is energy from the sun
-We are used the Sun for drying clothes and food for thousands of years ,but olny recently have we been able to use it for generating power .
-The Sun is 150 million kilometres away , and amazingly powerful .
-Just the tiny fraction of the Sun's energy that hits the Earth ( around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent )
is enough to meet all our power needs many times over .

Are nuclear power renewable ?

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Nuclear energy from Uranium is not renewable .

Once we are dug up all the Earth 's uranium and used it , there is not any more  .

Disadvantage of nuclear power

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Disadvantage
-Although not much waste is produced , it is very , very dangerous
-It must be sealed up and buried for many year to allow the radioactivity to de away .
-Nucear power is reliable , but a lot of money has to be spent on safety .
-If it does go wrong , a nuclear accident can be a major disaster .

Advantage of using nuclear power

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-Nuclear power costs about the same as coal , .so it does not expensive to make ?
-Nuclear power does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide ,so it's does not contribute to the greanhouse effect -Prodces huge amoints of energy from small amounts of fuel . -Nuclear power is realiable .

Nuclear Power

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-nuclear power is generated using Uranium
-THe first large-scale nuclear power station opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria , England , in 1956
-Some military ship and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines
-Nuclear power produces around 11 percent of the world's energy needs , and produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel , without the pollution that you will get from burning fossil fuels .

Sunday, December 26, 2010

Fossil Fuel

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-Fossil fuels are not a eenewable energy resource  . -Once we are burned them all  , there isnot any more . -COnsumption of fossil fuels has nearly doubled every 20 years since 1900 . -This is a particular problem for Oil , because we also use it to make plastics and many other products  .

Natural gas

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-Natural gas - around 20 percent of the world's consumption of energy
-Being burnt in power stations
-Used by many people to heat their homes .
-It is easy to transport
-Stations produce comparatively little pollution

Crude oil

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Crude oil ( called 'petroleum " ) is easier to get out of the ground then coal , as it can flow along pipes . THis also makes it cheaper to transport .

In 2005 alone , the US produced an estimated 9 million berrels of crude oil per day and imported 13.21 million barrels per day from other countries .

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Energy Management

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How its works :
Coal is crushed to a fine dust and burnt . Oil and gas can be burnt directly .

Burn Fuel  , heat water to make steam , steam turn turbines , turbines turn generators , electrical power sent around country  .

Energy Management (Most of the Earth's energy comes from the sun )

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-Solar power
Coal-Prehistoric plants
-Wind and wave power - Sun warms our atmosphere .
-Power stations burn coal , oil or natural gas to run the generators .
-Uranium
-The flow of water .


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-They provide around 66 percent (coal , oil and gas ) of the world electrical power , and 95 percent of the world .
-Total energey demands ( including heating , transport , electricity generation and other uses ) .

Energy Management ( WHat can be done )

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-Improving energy efficiency in construction
-Using , as much as possible , low energy materials .
-Increasing  the use of recycle and waste materials
-Sustituting fossil fuels
Regulations for extraction of raw materials
-Training people groups -environmental aspects .
-

Energy Management

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Depletion of non-renewable resources

-Construction industry is a major consumer of natural non-renewable resources
-
-The use of fossil fuel
-Cement , steel , aluminium , glass ,Metals , fossil fuel and non-renewable energy sources are depleting .  bricks and lime -highly energy dependent and fossil
-Fossil fuels have become more and more precious .

Fibre Optic System

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A telecommunications Link is the simplest of fibre optic systems .

It consists basically of a transmitter , a fibre link and a receiver . The transmitter will normally be equipped with a laser diode , usually with an output wavelength of 1300nm or 1500 nm .

THe fibre link will be made of single lengths of Single Mode optical fibre of length 2km fusion spliced together .

THe link will be able to carry thousands of telephone conversations " simultaneously " by means of Time DIVISION MULTOPLEXING .

Light Sources

There are two main light sources used in the field of fibre optics
-Light emitting diodes ( LED )
-Laser Dioses (LD's)

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Light Sources

There are two main light sources used in the field of fibre optics
-Light emitting diodes ( LED )
-Laser Dioses (LD's)

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Light Sources

There are two main light sources used in the field of fibre optics
-Light emitting diodes ( LED )
-Laser Dioses (LD's)

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Light Sources

There are two main light sources used in the field of fibre optics
-Light emitting diodes ( LED )
-Laser Dioses (LD's)

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Light Sources

There are two main light sources used in the field of fibre optics
-Light emitting diodes ( LED )
-Laser Dioses (LD's)

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Light Sources

There are two main light sources used in the field of fibre optics
-Light emitting diodes ( LED )
-Laser Dioses (LD's)

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Areas of application

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Local Area Networks (LAN's)

Multimode fibre is commonly used as the "backbone " to carry signals between the hubs of LAN's from where copper coaxial cable takes the data to the destop . Fibre links to the desktop , however , are also common .

Cable TV
As mentioned above domestic cable TV networks use optical fibre because of its very low power consumption .

CCTV

CLosed circuit televisyen security systems use optical fibre because of its inherent security  , as well as the other advantage mentioned above .

Optical Fibre Sensors .
Many advances have been made in recent years in the use of Optical FIbres as sensors . Gas concentration , chemical concentration , pressure , temperature , and rate of rotation can all be sensed using optical fibres . Much work in this field is being done at the University of Strathclyde , Scotland .

Area of application

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Telecommunication's

Optical fibres are now the standard point to point cable link between telephone substations .

Disadvantage of using optic fibre

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1.Electrical to Optical Conversion
Before connecting electrical signal to OF it must be converted to lightwave spectrum .
The cost of converting should be taken into consideration

2.Right of way
-Purchase f right of way may be difficult or downright impossible .

3.Require special installation - hiring of experts expensive

4.Reparis may be expensive and needs experts

Advantage of fibre optics

1. Capacity
Optical fibres carry signals with much less energy loss than copper cable and with a much higher bandwidth . THis means that fibres can carry more channels of information over longer distances and with fewer repeaters required .

2. Size and weight .

Optical fibre cables are much lighter and thinner than coppper cables with the same bandwidth . This means that much less space is required in underground cabling ducts  . Also they are easier to installation engineers to handle .

Fiber optic cable function as a light guide , guiding the light introduced at one ened of the cable through to the other end . THe light source can either be a light emitting diode (LED ) or a lase .

Advantages

3. Securiy

Optic fibres are much more difficult to tap information from undetected , a great advantage for banks and securiy installations .

4. Electrcal interference and insulation

THey are immune to Electromagnetic interference from radio signals , car ignition system , lighting etc  . THey can be routed safetly through explosive or flammab le atmospheres , for example , in the petrochemical industries or munitions sites ,w ithout any risk of ignition .

5. Realibility and Maintenance
Optical fibers is a constant medium and is not subject to fading  , Has a long life span ( 30 years ) . Immune to adverse ( can stand ) temperature and moisture  . Can be underwater cable . Less maintenance because of fever electronic repeaters .

6. Versatility .
Fiber optics communications systems are available for most data , voice and video commmunications formats .

7. Running Costs
Although copper coaxial cable can handle the bandwidth requirements over the short distances of a housing scheme , a copper system consumes far more electrical power than fibre  , simpley to carry the signals . THerefore optcal fibres are cheaper in the long run .

8. Expansion
Easily expanded if properly designed  .

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Basic Transmission fibre opticsfif

  • Involves the transmission of information by light through long transparant fibers made from glass or plastic . 
  • A light source modulates ( a light emitting diode (LED) or laser turns on and off or varies in intensity ) in a manner that represents the electrical information input signal . 
  • The modulating light is coupled to an optical fiber that propagates the light
  • An optical detector at the opposite end of the fiber receives the modulating light and converts it back electrical signal identical to the input signal .
  • Light transmission technieques can be divided into three major categories  
Digital modulation change to analog modulation .

-analog to digital modulation -computer data transmission .
-digital modulation -computer data transmission .
-analog modulation -voice and video transmission .

Close view of wire

core- thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels
Cladding-outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the core
Buffer coating -Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture .


Hundreds or thousands of these optical fibrers are arranged in bundles optical cables .

The bundles are protected by the cable's outer covering called a jacket .

Friday, December 24, 2010

Hack a website using Directory Transversal attack?

What is root directory of web server ?

It is a specific directory on server in which the web contents are placed and can be seen by website visitors. The directories other that root may contain any sensitive data which administrator do not want visitors to see. Everything accessible by visitor on a website is  placed in root directory. The visitor can not step out of root directory.

what does ../ or ..\ (dot dot slash) mean  ?

The ..\ instructs the system to go one directory up. For example, we are at this location C:\xx\yy\zz. On typing ..\ , we would reach at C:\xx\yy.


Again on typing ..\ , we would rech at C:\xx

Lets again go at location C:\xx\yy\zz. Now suppose we want to access a text file abc.txt placed in folder xx. We can type ..\..\abc.txt . Typing ..\ two times would take us two directories up (that is to directory xx) where abc.txt is placed.

Note : Its ..\ on windows and ../ on UNIX like operating syatem.

What is Directory Transversel attack?

Directory Traversal is an HTTP exploit which allows attackers to access restricted directories and execute commands outside of the web server's root directory.

The goal of this attack is  to access sensitive files placed on web server by stepping out of the root directory using dot dot slash .

The following example will make clear everything

Visit this website vulnerable to directory transversal attack

http://www.chitkara.edu.in/chitkara/chitkarauniversity.php?page=notification.php

This webserver is running on UNIX like operating system. There is a directory 'etc' on unix/linux which contains configration files of programs that run on system. Some of the files are passwd,shadow,profile,sbin  placed in 'etc' directory.

The file etc/passwd contain the login names of users and even passwords too.

Lets try to access this file on webserver by stepping out of the root directory. Carefully See the position of directories placed on the webserver.

We do not know the actual names and contents of directories except 'etc' which is default name , So I have
marked them as A,B,C,E or whatever.

We are in directory in F accessing the webpages of website.


Lets type this in URL field and press enter

http://www.chitkara.edu.in/chitkara/chitkarauniversity.php?page=etc/passwd

This will search the directory 'etc' in F. But obviously, there is nothing like this in F, so it will return nothing

Now type
http://www.chitkara.edu.in/chitkara/chitkarauniversity.php?page=../etc/passwd
Now this will step up one directory (to directory E ) and look for 'etc' but again it will return nothing.

Now type 

http://www.chitkara.edu.in/chitkara/chitkarauniversity.php?page=../../etc/passwd
Now this will step up two directories (to directory D ) and look for 'etc' but again it will return nothing.

So by proceeding like this, we we go for this URL
http://www.chitkara.edu.in/chitkara/chitkarauniversity.php?page=../../../../../etc/passwd

It takes us 5 directories up to the main drive and then to 'etc' directory and show us contents of 'passwd' file.
To understand the contents of 'passwd' file, visit http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/understanding-etcpasswd-file-format


You can also view etc/profile ,etc/services and many others files like backup files which may contain sensitive data. Some files like etc/shadow may be not be accessible because they are accesible only by privileged users.

Note- If proc/self/environ would be accessible, you might upload a shell on server which is called as Local File Inclusion.

Counter Measures

1. Use the latest web server software
2. Effectively filter the user's input

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Website Hacking with DNN attack

Google Dork

A google dork is an act of using google provided search terms to obtain a specific result and this DNN vulnerability occurs only in those websites which have "/portals/0" in their navigation, So goahead and search for inurl:”/portals/0″ where inurl asks the google to display all the url's who have /portals/0 in their navigation

1.Lets say the vulnerable website is:

 www.vulnerablewebsite.com//portals/0


2.Now we will just add Providers/HtmlEditorProviders/Fck/fcklinkgallery.aspx after the url so www.vulnerablewebsite.com/portals/0 will become www.vulnerablewebsite.com/portals/0Providers/HtmlEditorProviders/Fck/fcklinkgallery.aspx

3.Now a website is vulnerable to this type of attack you will get a similar windows like the below one:




4.Next enter the following Javascript in the address bar:
javascript:__doPostBack(‘ctlURL$cmdUpload’,”)

What this javascript will do is that it will enable us to upload our image to the server:


5.The hacker could upload any image on victims website.


Countermeasures

1.The easiest method is to rename your fcklinkgallery to some thing else but it will not prevent this attack, but you can protect it from script kiddie's in this way, A skilled hacker can easily find the renamed file by using some Footprinting methods

2.Another way to prevent this attack is to upgrade to IIS 7 or higher and a DNN version of 4.9.4 or higher

Feel free to ask if you have any kind of problem with any thing mentioned in this tutorial

Website Hacking with Dot net nuke exploit

In this tutorial I will tell you how hackers use a simple dot net nuke exploit to hack a website, Now the exploit I am talking about is found in hundreds and hundreds on DNN websites and it allows the hacker to upload an image on your server or your web hosting account, This type of attack is also called one way Hacking and at the end of article I have also posted some countermeasures to help you defend your self against these kinds of attack

Thursday, December 23, 2010

Typical telephone system KSU ( Key Service Unit )

System Interface

  1. Power supply
  2. Telephone line interface
  3. Digital Station
  4. Analog Device Card
  5. Voice Mail Card
System Interface  (Cable connects KSU to system interface block ) .

Microphone
Long distance exchanges and transcontinental connections .

Telephone System

  • The power supply , processor , softwate and interface cards are normally referred to as the KSU , or Key Service Unit . 
  • The telephones and telephone lines ( numbers from the phone company ) connect to the KSU either by plugging directly into the KSU , or more commonly by connecting to a System Interface , called a 66 block . 
  • Show the entire telephone network , including a home connection , cell phone towers , long distance exchanges and transcontinental connections . 

Wednesday, December 22, 2010

Telephone system 3

  • Most telephone systems operate in basically the same manner and have the same components . 
  • THey are the power supply , the processor , the softwate , the interface cards and the telephones .

telephone system 2

Lec-local Exchange Carrier ( Telecom Malaysia , Maxis , etc )

PET-Protective Entrance Terminals ( in all commercial , workplaces )

Telephone SYstem

The systems are either internal or connected to public telephone facilities ( now privatized , eg Telecom Malaysia ) or private local exchange carrier ( eg LEC : Maxis , TmNet )

In large buildings a main switchboard is installed to receive incoming calls which are then switched to the required extension phone .

(PABX -Private automatic branch exchange ) .

Building Management system 2

A building AUtomation (BA ) management system allows a building manager to better handle his resources , improving operational efficiency and reducing costs in the control room .

Intelligent buildings and BMS

THe function of building management systems is central to intelligent building concepts its purpose is to control , monitor and optimise building services .

Example , lighting , heating , security , cctv and alarm system , access control  audio -visual and entertainment systems , ventilation , filtration and climate control , etc .

Even time and attendance control and reporting ( notably staff movement and availability ) .

Building Management SYstems

BUilding Management SYstems (BMS ) is a high technology system installed on buildings that controls and monitors the buildings's mechanical and electrical equipment such as air handling and cooling plant systems , lighting , power systems , fire systems and security systems .
BMS consists on softwate and hardware .

Building Services Components Connected to Central Monitoring and Control Systems

  • Burglar and intruder alarm 
  • Telephone and intercom system 
  • Energy management devices and systems 
  • Pumps and cold water systems 
  • Card access systems 
  • Public address systems (PA )

Buildings services Components Conected to Central Monitoring and Control Systems HVAC

Small power and lighting
Emergency power supplies
Lift and escalators ( verticall transportation )
Fire detection and Alarm
CCTV

CCTV ( close circuit televisyen )

THe starting point for any CCTV system must be the camera . THe camera create the picture that will be transmitted to the control position .
The images captures byt he camera can be viewed in the monitor and recorded for reviewing .

The difference between tv and cctv is that standard tv openly broadcasts signals to the public . CCTV is not openly transmitted to the public .

CCTV uses one or more videos cameras totransmit video images and sometimes audio image to a monitor , set of monitors or video recorder  .

Fire Alarm and Detection

  • Automatic A.I.D.
  • -Fire/Smole detector 
Manual A.I.D
-Pull station
Manual call points

  • Audio Indicators
  • -Bells
  • Horns

Fire alarm and Detection

  • A fire alarm is defined as an arranged of call-points , detectors , sounders and other equipment for the transmission and indication of alarm and supervisory signals . 
  • The signal source that senses a fire or smoke is called an alarm initiating device . (A.I.D )

Modulation and Demodulation

  • A radio wave can be used to carry information by a process called modulation . 
  • The reverse of this process is called demodulation detection .

Generic diagram of signals systems

Antenna
Detectors
Cameras
Microphones
Telephones
Manual call points 





Signal




Indicators

TVmonitor
Alarms bells
Horns
Speakers
Telephones
Printers

Signal Systems

Signal systems encompasses all signals , communication and control systems .

All signals systems must be able to send and receive electronically coded information .

All signals systems must consist of

  • A signal
  • A means of conveying the signal 
  • Indicating equipment at the destination 

  • (example : from Astro TV to your house )

Telecommunication and BUilding COntrols

Types of equipment include

  • Fire detection and alarm 
  • Telephones and intercoms
  • Broadcast TV with UHF and VHF
  • CCTV (close circuit television )
  • P.A. systems ( Public Address )
  • HVAC controls
  • S.C.A.D.A.

Jennifer Connelly

Jennifer Lynn Connelly (born December 12, 1970) is an American film actress and former child model.[1] She made her motion picture debut in the 1984 crime film Once Upon a Time in America.[2] Although starring as early as a teenager in films such as Labyrinth and Career Opportunities,[3] she gained critical acclaim following her work in the 1998 science fiction film Dark City and the 2000 drama Requiem for a Dream.
In 2002, Connelly won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, as well as the BAFTA and Golden Globe awards for the 2001 biopic A Beautiful Mind.[4] Other film appearances include the 2003 Marvel superhero film Hulk, the 2005 thriller drama Dark Water, Blood Diamond, The Day the Earth Stood Still and the romantic comedy He's Just Not That Into You.
Since 2005, Connelly has served as Amnesty International Ambassador for Human Rights Education for the United States. During her career, various magazines, including Time,[5] Vanity Fair,[6] and Esquire[7] have named her on their lists of the most beautiful women.

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Early life

"Monologue of Love"
Single by Jennifer Connelly
A-side Monologue of Love
B-side Message of Love
Released December 1986
Format 7"
Genre Pop
Label Toshiba East World Records
Connelly was born in the Catskill Mountains of New York state, the daughter of Ilene, an antiques dealer, and Gerard Connelly, a clothing manufacturer.[8][9] Her father was Roman Catholic, and of Irish and Norwegian descent; her mother was Jewish, a descendant of emigrants from Russia and Poland,[10][11] and was schooled in a yeshiva.[12] Connelly was raised in Brooklyn Heights, near the Brooklyn Bridge, and attended St. Ann's private school,[13] except for the four years the family spent living in Woodstock, New York.[14]
One of her father's friends was an advertising executive, who suggested that she should audition in order to become a child model.[11][15] She received the representation from the Ford modeling agency.[16] At the age of ten, Connelly's career started in newspaper and magazine ads, then moved to television commercials. In 1984, she appeared in Duran Duran's concept concert video Arena (An Absurd Notion).[17] From 1986 to 1992, she appeared in several issues of the Seventeen Magazine as well as in Japanese magazine "Roadshow"[18] and on December 1986, recorded the pop single “Monologue of Love” singing in phonetic Japanese.[15]
All these appearances led to movie auditions and her first film role was as Deborah Gelly, a supporting role in Sergio Leone's 1984 gangster epic, Once Upon a Time in America, filmed mostly in 1982 when she was eleven.[19] She next starred in Italian horror-director Dario Argento's 1985 film Phenomena[20] and in the coming-of-age movie Seven Minutes in Heaven.[21]
Balancing work and school, she enrolled at Yale University where she studied English and Drama for the two following years,[22] before transferring to Stanford University to train in classical Theater and improvisation with Roy London, Howard Fine and Harold Guskin. She did not graduate.[23]

[edit] Career

[edit] Early career

Connelly became a star with her next picture, the 1986 fantasy film Labyrinth. She played Sarah, a teenager on the quest to rescue her little brother Toby, from goblin's world, ruled by King Jareth, portrayed by David Bowie. The film disappointed at the box office, but became a cult classic in later years with a large fan base still in existence.[24] She starred as Jennifer Corvino in Phenomena under the direction from Italian giallo master[25] Dario Argento.[26] Connelly starred in several obscure films, such as the 1988 Etoile, which was never released in the United States, one of the less successful in her career.[27] and the Michael Hoffman-directed Some Girls, in which she portrayed the college student Gabby.[28] In the 1990 Dennis Hopper-directed The Hot Spot, she played Gloria Harper, a woman blackmailed by Frank Sutton, portrayed by William Sadler.[29] The movie was a box office failure.[11][30] Her next movie was the 1991 romantic comedy Career Opportunities, in which she starred along with Frank Whaley.[31] The big-budget Disney film The Rocketeer failed[32] to ignite her career; this resulted in a temporary break in Connelly's acting work. The next year, she appeared alongside Jason Priestley in the Roy Orbison music video for "I Drove All Night".[33]
It wasn't until the middle of the 1990s that she started to demonstrate her ability to handle more mature roles.[34][35] The 1996 independent film Far Harbor played a role very different from the types she had previously portrayed and hinted at a much broader range than she had previously shown. Connelly began to appear in smaller but well-regarded films, such as 1997's drama Inventing the Abbotts, and 2000's Waking the Dead. In the first one, set in the late 1950s,[36] she personified Eleanor, one of the three daughters of the town millionaire Lloyd Abbot,[37] while in the second, based on the 1986 novel of the same name,[38] her character was Sarah.[39] She played a collegiate lesbian[35][40] in John Singleton's 1995 ensemble drama, Higher Learning.[41] The critically favored 1998 science fiction film Dark City, in which she played a supporting role and afforded her the chance to work with such actors as Rufus Sewell, William Hurt, Ian Richardson, and Kiefer Sutherland.[42] Connelly revisited her ingenue image, although in a more understated way, for the 2000 biopic Pollock,[43] in which she played Jackson Pollock's mistress. The same year she portrayed the role of Catherine Miller, Connelly's first Television appearance,[35] in the FOX drama series The $treet about a brokerage house in New York City.[44]

[edit] Breakthrough and early 2000s

Connelly in Central Park, New York City, June 2005.
Connelly's big breakthrough was the 2000 film Requiem for a Dream, directed by Darren Aronofsky,[45] based in the novel of the same name.[46] Connelly played Marion, the girlfriend of Harry, portrayed by Jared Leto. Also starred in the movie Marlon Wayans and Ellen Burstyn.[47] The movie depicts characters with different drug addictions on the edge of a mental breakdown.[48] The critics acclaimed the individual performances of the actors, especially Connelly's and Burstyn's, because of the courage they had to exhibit in order to be able to demonstrate their characters' constant physical and mental degradation during the film.[49]
In 2001 she took the leading female role in Ron Howard's film A Beautiful Mind, [50] essaying the role of Alicia Nash, the long-suffering wife of the brilliant, schizophrenic mathematician John Forbes Nash, Jr. (played by Russell Crowe).[51] The film was a critical and commercial success and earned Connelly a Golden Globe,[52] an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress[53] and a BAFTA for Best Actress in a Supporting Role;[54]
[A Beautiful Mind] is the film I'm really proud of and really love.[55]
Time magazine called her performance "luminous".[56]
Connelly starred in two films in 2003: Hulk and House of Sand and Fog. In Hulk she portrayed Betty Ross, the scientist and former girlfriend of the main character, Bruce Banner. She stated that the philosophical perspective of the noted director Ang Lee on the Marvel's superhero was the reason that awoke her interest in taking the role.[57] The movie would result in a moderate success at the box office.[58] House of Sand and Fog, based on the novel by Andre Dubus III, was reminiscent of much of her independent film work of the late 1990s. Her character was Kathy Nicolo, an abandoned wife whose inherited house is sold at auction to the Iranian emigre Massoud Amir Behrani (Ben Kingsley).[59] The struggles between Kathy and the foreign Colonel intensify throughout the story as the characters fall in a downward spiral of events.[60] The film was a modest box office success worldwide however received much critical acclaim.

[edit] 2005–2007

After two years off acting,[61] Connelly appeared in the 2005 horror film and psychological thriller[62] Dark Water.[63] The film was based on a 2002 Japanese film. She personifies a frightened young woman, Dahlia who is traumatized by her past and moves with her daughter (played by Ariel Gade) to an Roosevelt Island apartment where paranormal happenings take place.[64]
Connelly at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2009
In 2006, Connelly appeared in two films, both of which were nominated for multiple Academy Awards.[65][66] She played a major role in an adaptation of the novel Little Children alongside Kate Winslet. Although her role as Kathy Adamson is very important in the novel, director Todd Field gave her character less screen time, instead focusing on the characters played by Winslet[67] and Patrick Wilson. She acted in Blood Diamond opposite Leonardo DiCaprio. In the film, she portrays the journalist Maddy Bowen, who tries to collect the necessary information in order to expose the story behind the blood diamonds.[68]
She next appeared as Grace in Reservation Road with Joaquin Phoenix and Mark Ruffalo, which was given a limited release in the fall of 2007.[69] According to her, the character she portrayed in this movie was the toughest role she has ever played in her career.[70]

[edit] 2008–present

In 2008 she appeared alongside Keanu Reeves in the 2008 remake of the 1951 science fiction film The Day The Earth Stood Still. Connelly, a fan of the original movie,[71] played the Princeton University astrobiologist Dr. Helen Benson. Unlike the original movie, where her character was a secretary and the focus of the movie was balanced in her romantic relationship with Klaatu, the remake emphasizes on the troubled relationship between her and her stepson portrayed by Jaden Smith.[72] The astronomer Seth Shostak prepared her in order to understand the scientific jargon of the character.[73]
She also co-starred in a role opposite Jennifer Aniston and Ginnifer Goodwin in the 2008 romantic comedy He's Just Not That Into You,[74] based on self-help book of the same name,[75] where she played Janine.[76] Her next work was a small role in the fantasy film Inkheart.[77]
Her 2009 roles included the costume drama biopic Creation, in which she personified Emma Darwin, wife of Charles Darwin, played by her real-life husband, Paul Bettany.[78] The movie took place during the writing of On the Origin of Species by Dr. Darwin and the struggle along with his religious wife, Emma, who opposed the theories while they were in deep grief for the passing of their daughter Annie.[79] The same year she voiced 7, in the animation film 9.[80]
In 2008, she was named the face of Balenciaga's advertisements,[81] as well as the new face for Revlon cosmetics.[82]
Her next movie, What's Wrong With Virginia, was premiered on September 15, 2010 at the Toronto International Film Festival.[83][84] Connelly portrayed a mentally unstable woman, who has a twenty year long affair with the local sheriff, whose daughter starts a relationship with Virginia's son.[85] Connelly's upcoming movies include Ron Howard's comedy The Dilemma, to be premiered on January 14, 2011,[86] and George Ratliff's Salvation Boulevard to be premiered on January 24, during the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.[87]

[edit] Personal life

Despite her successful film career, Connelly stated that she prefers to live a family life with her husband and children when she is not working.[11] She also expressed that the most important thing in her life is her family,[88] with whom she lives in TriBeCa, New York City.[89]
I try to stay focused on my life and do try not to be brought into the Hollywood fantasy.[90]
She is diagnosed with Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and takes Ritalin to treat it. [91]
Her first son, Kai was born in 1997, from her relationship with photographer David Dugan.[92] She gave up her veganism during her first pregnancy.[93] In 2003, she married the actor Paul Bettany,[5] whom she met while working on A Beautiful Mind, in a private family ceremony in Scotland.[94] The couple's first child and Connelly's second, Stellan,[95] named after their friend, actor Stellan Skarsgård,[96] was born the same year. His godfather is the actor Charlie Condou.[97] She is expecting her third child (second with husband Paul Bettany) in 2011.[98]
Connelly contributed to several charity causes. On November 14, 2005, She was named Amnesty International Ambassador for Human Rights Education.[99] She was featured in an advertising for highlighting the need of clean water of people globally with the end result that people made donations to drilling projects in Africa, India, and Central America.[100] On May 2, 2009, she participated of Revlon's annual 5k Run/Walk for Women along with Jessica Alba and Jessica Biel.[101] She is also a fluent speaker in Italian and French.[11][102][