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disadvantages of ICT tools

1. More heavily weighted to the costs of traning in the use of high level tools .  
2. High product developments costs for newly veson
3. TIme consumng in case of system breakdown 
4. Increase maintenance cost
5. The digitizing process if often criticized as taking even longer than the traditional manual approach as paper drawings for measurement are physically two dimensional ( as are the pints digitizrd into the system ) where quantity surveyors are still required to nterpret the third dimension manually , and then input it into the system during the digitizing process .

Advantages of ICt tools

1. Increase the level of accuracy
2. Reduce the time required and thus able to complete within the limited time frame - increase productivity 
3. less labour demanding example eliminating the need for additional department 
4. Increase the level of competition
5. Lower product developemtn costs .

Advantage of traditional measurement method

• Reduce the cost of tranning in the usage of the new software 
• Reduce the develoment cost
• Reduce maintenance cost 

Disadvantages of traditional method

1. Labour intensive 
2. Time consuming
3. Increasing pressure to measutre the quantities for lower fees and under tighter schedules -reduce productivity 
4. Reduce the level of accuracy
5. Reduce the level of competition among consultant firms 

ICT TOols

• Other than the above software , many specific and specialized software are developed to ease construction task in BQ production , estimating , cost planning and etc . 
• BQ production software - Use a Standard Library of Descriptions , with full sortation results in the ability to produce bills in almost any sequence . 
• Example of BQ production software are Masterbill Elite , Masterbill  , builds soft and etc .

Object -based measurement software

• Computer-aided design ( CAD ) is the use of computer technology for the design of objects , real or virtual . 
• CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two -dimensional ( 2d) space or curves , surfaces , or solids in thre-dimensional 3d object .
• Cad is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings , from small residential types to the largest commercial and industrial structures ( hospitals and factories) . 
• Example of CAD software are AutoCAD , Autodesk Quanitty Takeoff QSCad , QCad and etc .

2 major methods of taking off quantities

• Traditional method taking off : manually measure calcualte and count building elements from design drawings  
• ICt tools : quantity are taken off and measure by a tool and the computer will then make a calculatioin and store the quantity . 

ICT tool

1. THe quantity are taken off by tracing over the elements on the printouts drawings via the programmed digitizers . THe computer will then make a calculation , example the length of a pipe from its start point to tis end point and store the quantity . 
2. In order words , digitizers replace the scale rulers and computers perform the calculations . 
3. During measurements a graphica l representation of the items measured is generated on the screen  , a copy of which can be printed to accompany the measurements obtained . 
4. The results and quantities generated can then be printed out directly or exported and printed in Microsoft Excel format or other format . 
5. Examples of digitized measurement software are CATOPro , Digizo ( as shown in figure 1 ) , Digipen , Manifest , Open House , QS Elite , Q-Scripts , Techsonix , Wessex Take off And etc .

THe purposes of SMM included

• Permit greater standardization of BQ format - assit in pricing . 
• Ensure a standard basis for contractor's to tender and a uniform basis for valuation and payment to the contractor . 
• All tender submitted are strictly comparable and thus easy to justify best offer . 
• Contractors are saved costly exercise . 
• fair and convenient basis for valuing certified stage payment , variations and adjustments of final account . 
• Data for cost analyses . 
• Reduce variations and claims 
• Ease management of contract finance . 
• 
  

standard method of mesurement

• The method of measurement used id dictated by rfelevant contract provisons or sometimes by the nature of the works involved . 
• The stardard method of measurement of building work as published by the Institution of Surbeyor , Malaysia is normally used for essentially building work s  . 
• In malaysia , the current pratice are SMM 1 and Smm2
• Provides a unifrom basis for measuring building works and embodies the essentials of good practice but more detailed information than is required by this document shall be given where necessary in order to define the precise nature and extent of the required work . 
• Applies equally to both proposed and exected works . 

Piling ( bakau piles )

1. Allow for maintaining moving and handling all necessary pilling  equipment plant , tool and ancillary equipment on the site and providing staging to different platform levels as may be required , as often and whenever necessary for thw whole operaton including excavation , fillings to make up levels , install piles on embankments or slopes and idling time etc. 
2. Supply , deliver , unload , handle , transport , pointing and pitch for driving of 75mm diameter bakau piles , 6.00m long initial piles . Complete with 4mm thick 0,85 kg mild steel pyramid shapes piles shoes , including all necessary wrought from protective rings . ( Nr )
3. Drive olny 75mm diameter bakau piles to the required set 
4. Supply deliver unload handle transport  , heading , pointing and pitch for driving of 75mm diameter bakau piles of extension piles including for ple length exceeding 3.00m necessary wrought iron protection rings . 
5. 75mm diameter bakau piles connection ,including mild steel sleeve to the approval of the S.O . 
6. Cut off 75mm diameter bakau piles heads at required level , including removed surplus length and debris from site . 
7. Preparing 75mm diameter bakau piles heads at cut off level to band into pile caps . 
8. Carry out initial static load test on 75mm diameter bakau piles by keutledges to total load of 325kN 12.5 times of the winrking loads , including bring to side for testing purpose all calibrated instrument equipment , kentledge , labour and remove the same on competition .

Formwork

1.Concrete grade 15 blinding not exceeding 100mm thick under pad foundation laid on earth . (the area of the pad footing multiple with the 0.1m thick of grade concrete )
2.Class F1 formwork to edges and face of the pad foundation exceeding 250mm but not exceeding 500mm high .
3.Reinforced insitu concrete grade 30 in isolated pad foundation bases
4. Concrete grade 15 blinding not exceeding 100mm thick under pile caps laid on earth .
5. Class F1 sawn formwork to sides of ground beam exceeding 250mm but not exceeding 500mm high .
6. Concrete

Tensile steel

1. 8 mm diameter mild steel bar as link in stumps . 
2. 110mm mild steel bar as stirrups in ground beam 
3. 12mm diameter high tensile deformed bar as straight and bend bars in pad foundation . 
4. 16mm diameter high tensile deformed bar as straight and bend bars in pile caps 
5. 20mm diameter high tensile deformed bar as straight and bend bars in column stumps . 
6. 25mm diameter high tensile deformed bar as straight and bend bars in ground beam ,

Formwork

1. Concrete grade 15 blidng not exceeding 100mm thick under pad foundation laid on earth . 
2. Concrete grade 15 blinding not exceeding 100mm thick under ground beam laid on earth . 
3. Concrete grade 15 blinding not exceeding 100mm thick under pile caps laid on earth . 
4. Reinforced insitu concrete grade 30 in isolated pile caps ( In No 12 )
5. Reinforced insitu concrete grade 30 in ground beam . 
6. Reinforced insitu concrete grade 30 in column stumps . 
7. Reinforced insitu concrete grade 20 in ground floor slabs exceeding 100mm but not exceeding 150mm thick laid on hardcore . 
8. Class F1 sawn formwork to edges and faces of pad foundation exceeding 250mm but not exceeding 500mm high . 
9. class F1 sawn formwork to sides of pile cap exceeding 1.00m high . 
10. Class F1 sawn formwork to sides of ground beams exceeding 250mm but not exceeding 500mm .

excavation

1. Excavation topsoil for preservation average 150mm deep .
2. Deposit preservation top soil in temporary spoil heap average 10m distance .
3. Excavation over site to formation level maximum depth not exceeding 250mm
4. Excavation pit to receive column bases starting from formation level having both plan dimension less than 1.25m maximum depth not exceeding 1.00m ( In no 12 ) .
5. Excavation pit to reveive column bases starting from formation level having both plan dimension not less than 1.25m maximum depth not exceeding 2.00m
6. Extra over pit excavation to excavating in rock ( provisional )
7. Excavating trenches to receive ground beam starting from formation level maximum depth not exceeding 0.25m
8.Extra over trenches excavationg for excavating in rock ( provisional )
9. Aloow for keeping surface of site and whole excavation free of surface water by means of pumping or otherwise ( provisional )
10. Filling to make up level not exceeding 250mm thick , material to be obtained off site , hardcore of clean hard broken stones specified , average 150mm thick .
11. Filling to make up level exceeding 250mm thick , material to be obtained off site hardcore of clean hard broken stones as specified .
12. Layer of polythene sheet as specified horizontal damp proof membrane , 125mm thick well lapped at joint laid on hardcore ( measured net - no allowance made for laps ) .
13. Remove excavated material from site .
14. Filling to excavation with material arising from excavation .

site clearance

1.Clearing site of undergrowth bushes ,scrub and including grubbing up their roots and removing from site .

2. cuttting down tree not exceeding 300mm girth at 1.00m above ground level and grubbing up their roots and filling voids left by the material arising from excavation

3. Removing from site existing tree stump not exceeding 300mm girth at 1.00m above ground level and grubbing up their roots and filling voids left by the material arising from excavation

4. Removing hedges average 350mm high and grubbing up their roots and filling voids left by the material arising from excavation .

site clearance

1. CLearing site of undergrowth bushes ,scrub and the like and including gurbbing up their roots and removing from site
2.Cutting down tree not exceeding 300mm girth at 1.00m above ground level and grubbing up their roots and filling voids left by the materal arising from excavation .
3.Removing from site existing tree stump not exceeding 300m girth at 1.00m above ground level or at their top in height , and grubbing up their roots and filling voids left by the material arising from excavation
Cutting down yew hedges average 350mm high and grubbing up their roots and filling voids left by removal of roots with material arising from excavation .

Site clearance

1. clearing site of undergroth bushes , scrub  and the like and including grubbing up their roots and removing from site . 
2. Cutting down trees not exceeding 300mm girth at 1.00 above ground level and grubbing up their roots and filling voids left by removal of roots with material arising from excavation . 
3. Cutting down trees exceeding 300mm but not exceeding 600mm girth at 1.00m above ground level and grubbing up their roots and filling voids left by removal of roots with material arising from excavation . 
4. Cutting down trees exceeding 1800mm but not exceeding 2100mm girth at 1.00m above ground level and grubbing up their roots and filling void left by removal of roots with material arising from excavation . 
5. Removing from site existing tree stumps not exceeding 300mm but not exceeding 600mm girth at 1.oom above ground level or at their tops . I f lower in ehight and grubbing up their roots and filling voids left by removal of roots with material arising from excavation . 
6. Removing from site existing tree stumps exceeding 300mm but not exceeding 600mm girth at above 1.00m ground level ,or at their top , if lower in height and grubbing up their roots and filling voids left by the removal of roots with material arising from excavation . 
7. Removing from site existing tree stump exceeding 2100mm but not exceeding 24000mm girth at 1.00m above ground level or at their top if lower in height , and grubbing up their roots and  filling voids left by the removal of roots with material arising from excavation . 
8. Cutting down yew hedges average 350mm high and grubbing up their roots and filling voids left by removal of roots with material arising from excavation .

piling

• Supply , deliver , unload , handle , transport , heading , pointing , and pitch for driving of 75mm diameter bakau piles of extension piles including all for pile length exceeding 3.00m necessary wrought iron protective rings ( In 80 Nos )
• Drive olny 75mm diameter bakau piles to the required set . 
• supply , deliver unload , handle , transport , heasing , pointing , and pitch for driving of 75mm diameter bakau piles of extension piles including all for pile length exceeding 3,00m necessary wrought iron protective rings ( in 80 Nos )
• 75mm diameter bakau piles connection , including 5mm thick mild steel sleeve to the approval of the S.O.
• Cut off 75mm diameter piles head at required level , including remove surplus lengths and debris from site . 
• Preparing 75mm diameter bakau piles head at cut off level to bond into piles caps ( measure separately ) 
• Carry out initioal static load test on 75mm diameter bakau pules by kentledges to total load of 325kN ( 2,5 times of the working load ) , including bring to site for testing purpposes all calibrated instrument , equipment , kentledge , labout and material and remove the same on completion .

piling

1. Supply , deliver , unload , handle , transport , heading , pointing , and pitch for driving of 75mm diameter bakau piles for extension piles including all for pile elngth exceeding 3,oom necessary wrought iro

bakau piles

1. Allow for provision of all necessary piling equipment , tool and ancillary equipment including transportation to site , handling , assembling and removal off site after completion of the piling works. 
2. Allow for maintaining , moving and handling all necessary piling equipment on the site and porviding staging to different platform levels as may be requirted , as often and whenever necessary for the whole operation including excavations , filling to make up levels , install piles on embankments or slopes and idling time , etc.
3. Supply , deliver , unload , handle , transport , heading , pointing , and pitch for driving of 75mm diameter bakau piles to the required set .
4. Drive olny 75mm diameter bakau piles connection , including 5mm thick mild steel sleeve to the approval of the S.O.
5. Extra over interlocking steel piles for conrner piles
6. Cut off U-type Section FSP IIA interlocking steel sheet piles to form holes 100mm diameter at 500mm center to center. 
7. Cut off u-Type Section FSP IIA interlocking steel sheet piles heads at required level ;including remove surplus length and debris from site 
8. U-type Section FSP IIA interlocking steel sheet ples connection including mild steel plate and bituminous paint to the approval of the S.O. 
9. Allow for provision of all necessary pilling equipment , tool and ancillary equipment including transportation to site , handling , assembling and removal off site after complation of the piling .

Pollution and Environment Essay - Water Pollution:

Water pollution is increasingly becoming a large problem that we as humans need to confront. Water is our most valuable resource. Just think of how much we humans are dependent upon clean water. Water is way more valuable than gold, what can you go a day, week, year with out, gold or water? Besides the fact that we drink the water, we use it for irrigation of farm fields, cooking, washing clothes, flushing toilets, etc. and every industrial process requires water to function. Everyone knows that the Earth's surface is covered by 70% water, so why fuss of protecting water? Only 3% of all water is fresh and drinkable and of that 3%, 75% is frozen, which leaves a grand total of only 1% of the Earth's surface water that is readily available for consumption. After taking that fact into account, one can see why the conservation and protection of our remaining water supply is so vital. Before water pollution can be stopped, the sources of the pollution must be known.

 

The major sources of water pollution are organic pollution, agricultural pollution, runoff, toxic waste, and thermal pollution. Organic pollution is becoming more and more pressing on the environment, because of the growing population of the world. It's a simple concept, the more people there are in one area, the more waste they will produce. For example, in a city there are so many people that the sewage plants and the environment can't take care of all of the waste and function in its usual manner. The sewage plants do their best, but the secondary discharge that gets into the water supply causes great problems. The excess waste acts as a fertilizer or food source for algae and the growth rate is uncontrollable. Everyone has been in a lake where there is a lot of dead algae on the shore and the water is clouded with algae. This situation is known as eutrophication, where algae growth is out of control and the water becomes oxygen depleted. There are natural cycles of eutrophication in the spring and fall, but the body of water can deal with those amounts. When excess waste is added to the water the body of water can no longer control the growth of the algae and the water soon becomes algae ridden and oxygen depleted. The water becomes oxygen depleted, because the dead algae goes to the bottom and uses the oxygen in the deeper water to decompose, but if there is too much dead algae all the oxygen is depleted. Oxygen from the surface doesn't reach the bottom, because the warmer water is less dense than the deeper cooler water, therefor the warmer water floats on the colder water and they never mix, much like oil and water. Soon the dead algae piles upon itself and makes the lake shallower, until it totally fills in and dries up.

 

Eutrophication effects all bodies of water, great and small. In the summer of 1971 at the Chicago South Water Filtration Plant on the coast of Lake Michigan, the filters were clogged with so much algae it had to be removed by hand. In the winter the turbidity(sediment in the water) was so high that the water wasn't drinkable. In a third case, the water smelled and tasted like dead fish and huge amounts of chlorine had to be added to make the water drinkable. If eutrophication can happen in lakes like Lake Michigan and Lake Erie, than no lake is safe. When eutrophication become extreme the water isn't usable any more. To stop the eutrophication of our lakes we need to devise a better system to treat sewage so it can be reused or released back into the environment without a catastrophic reaction. Currently there are some new systems that take raw sewage and convert it into usable water through biological means. The plant takes the water and feeds it to various plants. The nutrients are taken from the waste and used to grow plants. The excess water becomes clean after a four day operation. This idea is like controlled eutrophication where the plants are feed the excess nutrients to get plant growth instead of algae growth. This has only be attempted on a small scale. In the future if this could be done on a large scale the plants that are feed the waste to clean the water could be used as a food source. This idea isn't very new, infact, it is millions of years old. Basically the new sewage plant is an artificial wetland.

 

A wetland as defined by the American Heritage Dictionary, "a lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with moisture, especially when thought of as the natural habitat for wildlife." Wetlands perform a very important function in nature. First off they provide habitat for a high percentage of endangered and threatened species of plants and animals. The survival of the species depends upon the survival of the wetland. When wetlands are reduced the population of water foul, fish, and animals reduces drastically. Not only are they just a home for the animals, they serve as a purification system. Water moves slowly through the wetland and the soil and the plants pick up the nutrients and contaminants and clean the water. They serve as a large filter, dirty water passes into the wetland and clean water is the final result. Wetlands also serve as water retention and flood prevention areas. If there were no wetlands all the water that is in the wetlands and the rain and snow would flood into our cities and neighborhoods. All the excess water is held in the wetlands were it is purified and slowly dispersed. Wetland act as an erosion control along coastlines and prevent wind erosion. They also safeguard that the soil will keep its nutrients. Wetlands are economically important also. Over 95% of the fish and shellfish that the US commercial industry harvest are dependent on the wetlands. Sport fishermen spend large amounts of money on fishing equipment and licensees. Valuable timber is harvested from the many forested wetland. Fur bearing mammals and alligators are harvested in wetlands. The vegetation of the wetlands can also be harvested. The US hasn't taken advantage of this option yet, but other countries such as China do. As one can see there are countless reasons for the preservation of wetlands. Wetlands need to be protected and preserved for the future. Another type of water pollution is one most people don't really think about, runoff.

 

Rainfall, snowmelt and irrigation cleanse the surface of the Earth. Any pollutants that are on the ground will eventually come in contact with water. So what? The water is just cleaning the streets and everything it comes in contact with, right? Wrong, the water picks up everything that is in it's path. This can range from pieces of food to motor oil to fertilizer or any pollutants that might lie on the millions of roads and expressways of the US. Now the polluted water makes its down fall into the ground water, which intern ends up in nearby streams, rivers, and lakes. This means that any pollutant left on the ground will eventually end up as contamination of the water supply. We need this water to drink and we use the rivers and lakes as recreation. Water runoff presents a major problem.

 

Polluted water runoff is hard to calculate, but some attribute as high as 80% to runoff. Most people think that only the big companies are to blame for the poor quality of water, but that isn't so. The large companies are regulated by the Clean Water Act. There is no way to control the amount of pollution that is taken by water runoff. Police can not find everyone that has spread their old motor oil on their driveway to keep the dust down or keep track of how often people fertilize their lawn. This is much more difficult to detect and prevent. This comes down to each persons own values and environmental values. Each individual is responsable for their actions and there is no way to police that. The average person doesn't cause any large quantities of water pollution, it comes from an unlikely source.

 

Larger sources of runoff pollutants come from farms and pastures. On the farms all the excess fertilizer gets into the streams and ends up in the lakes. When the fertilizer reaches the lake or stream, it cause eutrophication to occur. This means that less fish can survive and the water will go from clear to cloudy. No one wants to swim in water that you can't see your feet in. Another problem farms present is the loss of soil and sediment in rivers. The precious soil is stolen by erosion and carried off in the rivers. The lose of the soil is bad enough, but the horrible part is that along with the soil goes all of the fertilizer, pesticides and herbicide used on the fields. In other words, any chemical put on the crops to prevent animals or bugs from eating them ends up in the water we drink. In the 1960's and 1970's the pesticide DDT was heavily used. This chemical was applied on the farms and runoff took it to the lakes. The plants absorbed the DDT and then the herbivores ate the plants. The carnivores ate the herbivores and the second carnivore(Humans or birds) eat them. As the DDT moves up the food chain it intensifies and the concentration is very dense by the time it reaches the carnivores. What goes on the farm ends up in our food, one way or the other.

 

On ranches the problem becomes the excess of excretion from the cattle.(25,000 cattle produce 300,000 gallons of waste a day) All of this urine and manure goes straight to the ground water and right back to the rivers and lakes. At least the human waste is sent to a sewage system, which does some good. This cattle waste is being sent straight to the water supply, untreated. In Oregon, Tallamook Bay is closed to oyster growing at certin times of the year, because of the high levels of contamination from the cattle. Where do we draw the line?

 

Polluted runoff is hard to control. Currently there are efforts being taken to stop polluted runoff from entering the water supply, but they are all on a voluntary basis. Most people will help, but what of the others? Legislation needs to be made to enforce what some will not do. Runoff water pollution is serious and it effects everyone. Thermal pollution is simmilar to runoff in the fact that no one ever gives it any thought.

 

Thermal pollution occurs when the water is heated up by power plants. Fossil fuel power plants, Neucular power plants and hydrolic dams heat the water. The industrial process requires large quanities of cooling water and water runnign through danm turbines is heated. After the water is heated, it is then discharged into lakes and rivers. Certin types of fish, animals, and plankton die if the water temperature is raised to much. Fish can't spwan when the water temperature is to high. If temperatures are hot enough the life in the water becomes minimal. Also, when the water is warmed, it promotes the growth of algae. With high concentratiuons of algae, the problem of eutrophication is introduced again. Neucular power plants cause thermal pollution, but they also cause radioactive waste. Little is known about radioactive waste, but it is know that small amounts of this material can destroy life in large quanities of water. There is one last source of pollution, toxic waste.

 

Toxic waste comes form a great variety of industrial plants. In mining opperations and many industrial processes heavy metals such as lead, copper, cadium, iron and others are released into the water. These heavy metals accumulate in fish and make them harmful to anything that eats them and to the fish itself. In pulp-mill paper production, a combination of organic waste and toxic waste combind to cause horriable effects. As mentioned before, DDT is a toxic waste that ravashises any environment it comes in contact with. PCB's are anothe rtoxic waste that are byproducts of many industrial processes. PCB's work in the same way as DDT by concentrating as it moves up the food chain until it is highly toxic by the time it reaches Humans and other animals high on the food chain.

 

Water is a necessity of life and it needs to be conserved and protected. >From all of the above pollutants, our water supply is in peril. If we value life as we know it, we need to change our way of life and look at water in a different way.

Causes of Air Pollution:

Air pollution is a worldwide problem. What is air pollution? It's the introduction of harmful substances or products into the enviroment which can occur naturally or artificially. In fact, air pollution contributes to other forms of pollution such as: water contamination, soil pollution………..etc. Air pollution is a dangerous threat caused by many different productions such as: car exhaust, Nitrogen Oxides (NO, NO2, NO3) and Sulpher Dioxide (SO2).

The first major cause of air pollution is car exhausts which lead to about 45 to 50 % of the total air pollution. It's formed due to the production of unburned fuel in the form of oxides of Nitrogen and hydrocarbons. These black gases produced by unfiltered car exhaust may cause many health problems such as asthma or in extreme causes, could eventually lead to difficulty in breathing. One of the hydrocarbons produced is Carbon monoxide (CO) which is one of the most dangerous gases resulting in many health problems. Also it affects children mostly by making them handicapped as it affects young people brains.

The second cause of air pollution is Nitrogen oxides. Basically Nitrogen oxide is one of the harmful gases which is produced into the atmosphere due to various human activities such as burning of fuel. NO is very dangerous: when combined with rain water, it forms Nitrogen trioxide (NO3) which is acidic and causes a change in the soil Ph. When acidic rains pour on soil, it increases its acidity causing the damage of crops and makes soil unsuitable for replant!!!

The last air pollutant is Sulpher dioxide (SO2). The SO2 is emitted due to the burning of Sulpher(S) containing fuels such as coal, fossil fuels…etc. Moreover, being exposed to high concentration of SO2 may result in breathing problems, while short-term exposure has been linked to three unhealthy problems as wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Also, it causes acid rains as Nitrogen Oxides.

Finally, the causes of air pollution can be many to name, but many of them can be reduced by human beings by reducing the activities which produce these harmful and hazardous gases as: exhaust, Nitrogen oxides and Sulpher dioxide.

Pollution Prevention

Acid rain is a problem that has plagued earth for years. It is poisoning our waters, animals, plants, soil, and more. It is a problem that cannot be ignored or it might have catastrophic results on our environment. Acid rain is caused by air pollution, which is due to man-made actions. Scientists have discovered that air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels is the major cause of acid rain.Power plants and factories burn coal and oil, which is used to produce the electricity we need to heat and light our homes and to run our electric appliances. We also burn natural gas, coal, and oil to heat our homes, and our cars, trucks, boats, and airplanes use gasoline to run, which is another fossil fuel. The smoke and fumes from burning fossil fuels rise into the atmosphere and combine with the moisture in the air to form acid rain. The main chemicals in air pollution that create acid rain are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Acid rain usually forms high in the clouds where sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water, oxygen, and oxidants. This forms a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Sunlight then increases the rate of these reactions. Rainwater,

Some new cars run on electricity, but not completely. We need to pay attention to what we dump into the Earth. Winter smogs are caused by temperature inversions which trap particulates close to the ground. It still runs on oil and contributes to forming more dangerous forms of pollution, acid rain. Some health problems come from the exhaust fumes leaking into the interior of the automobile. The small particles cause chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, emphysema and lung cancer. In all cases in which adverse health effects have been noted the elderly patients have been affected severely" (Hodges 60). One popular example occurred in London, England in the year 1952. Not only does ocean dumping add to the unsightliness of the once beautiful and pristine waters; it also kills the marine life which inhabits those waters. Acid rain does not only drop dangerously high levels of acid into the ground directly affecting wildlife. com/Reports/Science/ - Air Pollution-1375- Air Pollution-1379-http://www. There are numerous cases displaying the grave danger of particulate air pollution.

How to prevent pollution

Nowadays , one of the controversial issue is air pollution . Some people take this issue into consideration whereas some people dont regard tis issue as an important . There are numerous steps that should be taken in order to minimize increasing air pollution which treatens both environment and mankind such as . Taking precautions against things that cause huge air pollution and making people become conscious how significant obstructing air pollution is .
in order to make people become conscious of how significant obstructing air pollution is, authorized companies or individuals should orientate people to attractive advertisements that consist of useful directives. this is one of the preventive method. on the other hand air pollution not only harms people but also harms other creatures like plant, animals. to defend these creatures from pollution, people should behave consciously. in this regard, innitially, we should find out what type of air pollution should be taken into consideration. Firstly, as a consequence of air pollution , numerous problems can occur such as pouring asid rain and emerging expanding holes in the ozone layer.Because of these reasons , this problem can cause unpredictable results.Subsequently, in order to prevent air pollution, unarguably the most important step that should be taken is to make people be aware of the fact that how remarkable preventing air pollution is.
The other way to obstruct air pollution is taking precautions against things such as industrial wastes . using harmful energy sources that pollute environment. İnnitially,people have to cut down on things which increase the rate of dirty air. For example, people dont need to always use unnatural coal and instead of using such things , they should use environmental energy sources. İn this instance, Taking air pollution under control becomes easier. moreover, people should try to decrease using unenvironmental parfume or some thing like that as soon as possible. As a consequence, if people want to create suitable environment, they have to attach importance taking precautions.
İn conclusion, each precautions that have been taken is a valuable investment for future of the world. İn the other words making people be sensitive for this problem and taking some precautions are remarkable processes that guarantee our future.

What is suicide?

Suicide is the process of purposely ending one's own life. The way societies view suicide varies widely according to culture and religion. For example, many Western cultures, as well as mainstream Judaism, Islam, and Christianity tend to view killing oneself as quite negative. One myth about suicide that may be the result of this view is considering suicide to always be the result of a mental illness. Some societies also treat a suicide attempt as if it were a crime. However, suicides are sometimes seen as understandable or even honorable in certain circumstances, such as in protest to persecution (for example, hunger strike), as part of battle or resistance (for example, suicide pilots of World War II; suicide bombers) or as a way of preserving the honor of a dishonored person (for example, killing oneself to preserve the honor or safety of family members).
Nearly a million people worldwide commit suicide each year, with anywhere from 10 million to 20 million suicide attempts annually. About 30,000 people reportedly kill themselves each year in the United States. The true number of suicides is likely higher because some deaths that were thought to be an accident, like a single-car accident, overdose, or shooting, are not recognized as being a suicide. Suicide is the eighth leading cause of death in males and the 16th leading cause of death in females. The higher frequency of completed suicides in males versus females is consistent across the life span. In the United States, boys 10 to 14 years of age commit suicide twice as often as their female age peers. Boys 15 to 19 years of age complete suicide five times as often as girls their age, and men 20 to 24 years of age commit suicide 10 times as often as women their age. It is the third leading cause of death for people 10 to 24 years of age. Teen suicide statistics for adolescents 15 to 19 years of age indicate that from 1950-1990, the frequency of suicides increased by 300% and from 1990-2003, that rate decreased by 35%. While the rate of murder-suicide remains low at 0.0001%, the devastation it creates makes it a concerning public-health issue.
As opposed to suicidal behavior, self-mutilation is defined as deliberately hurting oneself without meaning to cause one's own death. Examples of self-mutilating behaviors include cutting any part of the body, usually of the wrists. Other self-injurious behaviors include self-burning, head banging, pinching, and scratching.
Physician-assisted suicide is defined as ending the life of a person who is terminally ill in a way that is either painless or minimally painful, for the purpose of ending suffering of the individual. It is also called euthanasia and mercy killing. In 1997, the United States Supreme Court ruled against endorsing physician-assisted suicide as a constitutional right but allowed for individual states to enact laws that permit it to be done. As of 2003, Oregon was the only state with laws that authorized physician-assisted suicide. Physician-assisted suicide seems to be less offensive to people compared to euthanasia that is done by a non-physician, although the acceptability of both means to end life tends to increase as people age and with the number of times the person who desires their own death repeatedly asks for such assistance.

FOrmal letter

English Language Society

Speedwin University

Jalan Cahaya

Bandar Sunway

46150 Petaling Jaya


6 January 2010


The Manager

Equatorial Hotel

46 Jalan Anson

Tanah Rata

45100 Cameron Highlands


Dear Sir


ACCOMMODATION FOR THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE WORKSHOP



I am writing on behalf of the English Language Society of Speedwin University to enquire about  your accommodation and facilities .


The English Language Society is planning to organise a three-day language workshop from 20 to 22 February 2010 . About 150 members from the various branches of Speedwin University in Malaysia will be taking part in the workshop .


As the organising committee is interested in having the workshop at your hotel , i would like to find out if your hotel could accommodate our group booking of 150 people for a two-night stay on the dates stated above and how much the room charges per person would be . Do the room charges cover any meals ? I would also appreciate it if you could give us a discount as we will be occupying a lot of your rooms .


I hope you will be able to furnish me with all the necessary information at your earliest convenience .


Thank you.



Your faithfully


Kah Ban

Tan Kah Ban

Secretary

Complaint letter

391 Bukit Belimbing
45000 Kuala Selangor
Selangor

7 January 2010

The Principle
Olympus College
Jalan Bakti
Setapak
53300 Kuala Lumpur

Dear Sir

UNHYGIENIC CONDITIONS AT COLLEGE CANTEEN 

I am writting to complain about the deplorable conditions of our college canteen

I am dissatisfied with the cleanliness and the quality of food sold at the canteen . Firstly , there are many flies , cockraches and rats within the premises . Furthermore , the canteen workers have been spotted smoking while serving food . Secondly , the quality of the food served by the canteen leaves a lot to be desired . The dishes are usually served cold . The taste of the food is also inconsistent .

As the food is prepared under unhygienic conditions and the quality of the food is bad , there have been cases of food poisoning among students . Therefore , students have no choice but to walk under the hot sun to the nearby shop during lunch just to fill their stomachs . I approached the canteen operator about this issue last month , but it seems that my complaint has fallen on deaf ears as this awful situations still persists .

Hence , I am writting to you so that appropriate action can be taken . Perhas the college management could conduct regular surprise checks at the canteen or replace the canteen operator with one that will ensure hygienic conditions and better quality of food for students .

I hope that the college will look into this matter seriously and take the necessary action to improve the condition of the canteen .

Thank you


Your faithfully
Ban
Tan Kah Ban