Concrete defects

• Faulty Design

- Worng mix proportion
- Lack of protection
- Inadequate joint provision
- Under - designed

• Inferior material

- Partially hydrated cement
-Contaiminated aggregates
-COntaiminated Water

• Poor construction practice

- Faulty formwork
- Improper placing
- Inadequate curing

• Abuse of structure

- Lack of maintenance
-Vandalism

• Environment effects

-Thermal movement
- Moisture movement
-Freezing and thawing
-Surface erosion

• Chemical effects

- Carbonation
-Chloride intrusion
- Acid attack
-Fire

• Internal stresses

- Sulphate attack
- Alkali-aggregates reaction
- Volume change

• Mechanical causes

- Overloading
- Abrasion or wear